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Access, Handling and Visualization Tools for Multiple Data Types for Breast Cancer Decision Support
(2011)
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among U.S women, besides skin cancer. More than 1 in 4 cancers among women are breast cancer. And though death rates have been decreasing since 1990, about 40,170 women in the U.S. were expected to die in 2009 from breast cancer. The progress of molecular profiling, in the last decade has revolutionized the understanding of cancer, but also introduced more complexity with new data such as gene expression, copy number variation, mutations and DNA methylation. These new data open up the possibility of differential diagnosis, much more precise prognosis as well as prediction of therapy response than any of the diagnostic tools that are available in the current practice. Additionally, epidemiological databases store clinically relevant information on hundreds of thousands of patients. However, with the abundance of all this information, clinicians will need new tools to access and visualize such data and use the information gained to treat new patients. The general problem will be to access, filter and analyze the data and then visualize them in a clinical context. This data ranges from clinico-pathological information, to molecular profiles from highthroughput genomic measurements and imaging data. Furthermore, data from patient populations is aggregated on epidemiological level and can be found under numerous clinical studies.
Clinical diagnosis ideally relies on quantitative measures of disease. For a number of diseases, diagnostic guidelines require or at least recommend neuroimaging exams to support the clinical findings. As such, there is also an increasing interest to derive quantitative results from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, i.e. images providing quantitative T1, T2, T2* tissue parameters. Quantitative MRI protocols, however, often require prohibitive long acquisition times (> 10 minutes), nor standards have been established to regulate and control MRI-based quantification. This work aims at exploring the technical feasibility to accelerate existing MRI acquisition schemes to enable a -3 minutes clinical imaging protocol of quantitative tissue parameters such as T2 and T2* and at identifying technical factors that are key elements to obtain accurate results. In the first part of this thesis, the signal model of an existing quantitative T2-mapping algorithm is expanded to explore the methodology for a broader use including the application to T2* and its use in the presence of imperfect imaging conditions and system related limitations of the acquisition process. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to optimize the iterative mapping algorithm for a robust clinical application including the integration on a clinical MR platform. This translation of technology is a major step to enable and validate such new methodology in a realistic clinical environment. The robustness and accuracy of the developed and implemented model is investigated by comparing with the "gold standard" information from fully sampled phantom and in-vivo MRI data.
Mit der Entdeckung der Röntgenstrahlen im Jahre 1895 begründete Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen die medizinische Bildgebung. Diese ermöglichte erstmals, zu diagnostischen oder therapeutischen Zwecken einen Blick in das Innere des Menschen zu werfen, ohne dass sich dieser einer unter Umständen riskanten Operation unterziehen musste. Die Röntgentechnik gestattet allerdings nur die Projektion anatomischer Strukturen auf ein zweidimensionales Bild. Erst die Erweiterung der Bildgebung auf tomographische Verfahren, wie der Computer und Magnetresonanztomographie, erlaubte es, kontrastreiche, überlagerungsfreie 3D Schichtbilder zu erzeugen [13, S. 1]. Weitere Unterstützung hat die medizinische Bildgebung durch die Computertechnik erfahren, die eine digitale Nachbearbeitung der Bilder oder oft auch eine umfassende Bildanalyse ermöglicht. Im Zuge der technischen Weiterentwicklung kommen immer leistungsfähigere Computer zum Einsatz. Daher ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass medizinische Bilder heute hauptsächlich digital gespeichert, verschickt und bearbeitet werden. Auch entwickeln sich die bildgebenden Modalitäten weiter, was zu immer höher aufgelösten Bildern führt, in denen immer feinere Strukturen erkennbar sind. Simultan bedeutet das, dass für immer größere Datenmengen eine digitale Bearbeitung am Computer bewerkstelligt werden muss. Es ist deshalb ein zentrales Anliegen, effziente bildverarbeitende Algorithmen zu entwickeln.